A refractometer is an optical instrument that measures the sucrose concentration of a solution based on the refractive index produced by light in that solution.
Gushing is an undesirable phenomenon in beer characterized by an excessive and violent release of carbon dioxide (CO₂) when opening a bottle or can, leading to an uncontrollable overflow of foam and liquid.
Astringency is a tactile sensation that causes dryness and roughness on the tongue, palate, and gums. It originates from the interaction of tannins and other polyphenols with the proteins in saliva.
Whether you’re a beginner homebrewer or an experienced one with years of practice and hundreds of batches under your belt, the fundamentals always remain the same.
Throughout history, brewers worldwide have relied on local water sources to craft their beers, giving rise to distinct beer styles intrinsically linked to specific regional water profiles.
For early humanity, beer was perhaps the most important staple in their diet—a valuable source of protein and vitamins, and a crucial milestone in ensuring our survival as a species.
Nowadays, hops are a primary ingredient in beer brewing, but this wasn’t always the case. Throughout history, they were just one of many different herbs and spices used to flavor and preserve beer.
